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Francis Marion Crawford (August 2, 1854 – April 9, 1909) was an American writer noted for his many novels, especially those set in Italy, and for his classic weird and fantastic stories. ==Life== Crawford was born in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, the only son of the American sculptor Thomas Crawford and Louisa Cutler Ward, the brother of writer Mary Crawford Fraser (''aka'' Mrs. Hugh Fraser), and the nephew of Julia Ward Howe, the American poet. He studied successively at St Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire; Cambridge University; University of Heidelberg; and the University of Rome. In 1879 he went to India, where he studied Sanskrit and edited in Allahabad ''The Indian Herald''. Returning to America in February 1881, he continued to study Sanskrit at Harvard University for a year and for two years contributed to various periodicals, mainly ''The Critic''. Early in 1882 he established his lifelong close friendship with Isabella Stewart Gardner. During this period he lived most of the time in Boston at his Aunt Julia Ward Howe's house and in the company of his Uncle, Sam Ward. His family was concerned about his employment prospects. They suggested that he become a professional singer; he had a baritone voice and had entertained friends with recitals of songs by Franz Schubert. In January 1882, his family asked George Henschel, who was then conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, to assess whether Crawford was capable of a professional singing career. Henschel told Crawford and his family that he would "never be able to sing in perfect tune. Crawford was distraught by the news; after a long silence, his uncle Sam then asked him, "Why don't you write down that little story you told me some time ago of that strange experience you had in India—don't you know?" In December 1882 he produced his first novel, ''Mr Isaacs,'' a sketch of modern Anglo-Indian life mingled with a touch of Oriental mystery. This book had an immediate success, and its author's promise was confirmed by the publication of ''Dr Claudius'' (1883). In May 1883 he returned to Italy, where he made his permanent home. His residence at the historic Hotel Cocumella in Sorrento during 1885 moved him to settle permanently in Sant' Agnello, where in the Fall he bought the Villa Renzi that became Villa Crawford. Over one half of his novels are set in Italy. He wrote three long historical studies of Italy and was well advanced with a history of Rome in the Middle Ages when he died. This accounts perhaps for the fact that, despite his nationality, Marion Crawford's books stand apart from any distinctively American current in literature. In October 1884 he married Elizabeth Berdan, the daughter of the American Civil War Union Gen. Hiram Berdan. They had two sons and two daughters. Year by year Crawford published a number of successful novels. Late in the 1890s, he began to write his historical works. These are: ''Ave Roma Immortalis'' (1898), ''Rulers of the South'' (1900) renamed ''Southern Italy and Sicily and The Rulers of the South'' in 1905 for the American market, and ''Gleanings from Venetian History'' (1905) with the American title ''Salvae Venetia'', itself reissued in 1909 as ''Venice; the Place and the People''. In these, his intimate knowledge of local Italian history combines with the romanticist's imaginative faculty to excellent effect. His shorter book ''Constantinople'' (1895) belongs to this category. After most of his fictional works had been published, most came to think he was a gifted narrator; and his books of fiction, full of historic vitality and dramatic characterization, became widely popular among readers to whom the realism of problems or the eccentricities of subjective analysis were repellent. In ''The Novel: What It Is'' (1893), he defended his literary approach, self-conceived as a combination of romanticism and realism, defining the art form in terms of its marketplace and audience. The novel, he wrote, is "a marketable commodity" and "intellectual artistic luxury" (8, 9) that "must amuse, indeed, but should amuse reasonably, from an intellectual point of view. . . . Its intention is to amuse and please, and certainly not to teach and preach; but in order to amuse well it must be a finely-balanced creation. . . ." (82). The Saracinesca series is perhaps known to be his best work, with the third in the series, ''Don Orsino'' (1892) set against the background of a real estate bubble, told with effective concision. The second volume is ''Sant' Ilario'' () (1889). A fourth book in the series, ''Corleone'' (1897), was the first major treatment of the Mafia in literature, and used the now-familiar but then-original device of a priest unable to testify to a crime because of the Seal of the Confessional; the novel is not one of his major works, having failed to live up to the standard set by the books earlier in the series. Crawford ended ''Rulers of the South'' (1900) with a chapter about the Sicilian Mafia. Crawford himself was fondest of ''Khaled: A Tale of Arabia'' (1891), a story of a genie (''genius'' is Crawford's word) who becomes human, which was reprinted (1971) in the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series of the early 1970s. ''A Cigarette-Maker's Romance'' (1890) was dramatized, and had considerable popularity on the stage as well as in its novel form; and in 1902 an original play from his pen, ''Francesca da Rimini,'' was produced in Paris by his friend Sarah Bernhardt. Crawford's best known dramatization was that of ''The White Sister'' (1909). Its main actress was Viola Allen, whose first film was the 1915 film of this novel; it was filmed again in 1923 and 1933. ''In the Palace of the King'' (1900) was filmed in 1915 and 1923; ''Mr. Isaacs'' (1882) was filmed in 1931 as ''Son of India''. Several of his short stories, such as "The Upper Berth" (1886; written in 1885), "For the Blood Is the Life" (1905, a vampiress tale), "The Dead Smile" (1899), and "The Screaming Skull" (1908), are often-anthologized classics of the horror genre. An essay on Crawford's weird tales can be found in S. T. Joshi's ''The Evolution of the Weird Tale'' (2004); there are many other essays and introductions. The collected weird stories were posthumously published in 1911 as ''Wandering Ghosts'' in the U.S. and as ''Uncanny Tales'' in the UK, both without the long-forgotten "The King's Messenger" (1907). The present definitive edition is that edited by Richard Dalby as ''Uncanny Tales'' and published by the Tartarus Press (1997; 2008). Crawford's novella ''Man Overboard!'' (1903) is often overlooked, but belongs with his supernatural works. In 1901 the American Macmillan firm began a deluxe uniform edition of his novels, as reprintings required. In 1904 the P. F. Collier Co. (N. Y.) was authorized to publish a 25-volume edition, later increased to 32 volumes. Around 1914 the subscription firm McKinlay, Stone, Mackenzie was authorized to publish an edition using the Macmillan binding decorations. In 1919 the American Macmillan firm published the "Sorrento Edition". They also had issued some first American editions and reprints in a uniform binding from 1891 through 1899. The British Macmillan firm used two separate uniform bindings from 1889 until after 1910. Crawford wrote numerous articles for major periodicals and a few contributions to books. See the section "Bibliographical History" in ''An F. Marion Crawford Companion'' (1981) by John C. Moran. Crawford died at Sorrento on Good Friday 1909 at Villa Crawford of a heart attack. It was the ten-year result of a severe lung injury (inhalation of toxic gases at a glass-smelting works in Colorado) that happened on his American lecture-tour during the winter of 1897–1898. He was gathering technical information for his historical novel ''Marietta'' (1901), that describes glass-making in late medieval Venice. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Francis Marion Crawford」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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